The drawing of congressional districts to produce a particular electoral outcome without regard to the shape of the district is known as gerrymandering.
WHY DO PEOPLE GERRYMANDER?
Political or partisan gerrymandering, which reduces the voting power of members of ethnic or linguistic minority groups, is the practice of drafting electoral district boundaries in a way that provides one political party an unfair advantage over its rivals (racial gerrymandering). The phrase is derived from the name of Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry, whose government passed a bill designating new state senate districts in 1812. The law concentrated the Federalist Party vote in a small number of districts, giving Democratic-Republicans an unfair advantage in representation. One of these districts was supposed to have a salamander-like shape. The Boston Gazette published a satirical cartoon by Elkanah Tisdale that depicted the neighborhoods in a fantastical way.
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