Functional groups include hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl.
Regardless of the other atoms in a molecule, functional groups are particular groupings of atoms within molecules that have their own distinctive capabilities.
The prefixes di, tri, and tetra are applied when there are several substituents. Function-specific groups contain identifying suffixes. For instance, the parent chain name of alcohols has the suffix "ol" and a number indicating the location of the hydroxyl group. One is used to identify ketones.
If a compound has multiple functional groups, the highest priority functional group will be considered the "parent structure" and will define the "parent name"; the remaining functional groups will be considered the "substituents." The name of the parent structure is denoted by the "suffix," and the substituent is denoted by the "prefix."
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