Before answering this question, it is vital to note that a clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. Noting this definition, the clauses have been marked thus;
- The smell of the muffins in the oven- not a clause
- Because I lost my gloves- dependent clause
- She served the volleyball over the net- independent clause
Given the definition of a clause above, the first sentence is not a clause because "smell" functions as a noun instead of a verb there.
The second sentence is a dependent clause because it needs further explanation to make complete meaning.
The last sentence is an independent clause because it can make complete meaning on its own.
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