Gravity becomes a major problem for terrestrial vertebrates, but this issue is also related to the size of the organism. For each trait below, predict whether that trait would be more likely in a large vertebrate or a small vertebrate.

a. Bones less subject to shearing (longitudinal) forces Large vertebrate
b. Gait with more flexed joints Small vertebrate
c. Increased cross-sectional area of bones (proportional to body size) Large vertebrate
d. Less fragile bones Small vertebrate
e. Upright posture with decreased agility Large vertebrate